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In modern ecosystems, most pairs of species show no particular tendency to segregate or aggregate. However, species pairs that do show significant grouping patterns tend to segregate.  \n  \nThe team then applied the same analyses to fossil data from the last 300 million years and found a markedly different pattern of species organization in past ecosystems. On prehistoric Earth, pairs of species whose ranges showed a statistical interaction tended to aggregate rather than segregate. This pattern remained stable until about 6,000 years ago, when human populations expanded. As early civilizations boomed, much of the most fertile and desirable land was repurposed for human habitation, agriculture, and trade. In the process, natural landscapes were “fragmented,” according to Looy, evicting numerous species from their home environments and blockading their usual migratory routes. We may never recover the diverse ecosystems of past Earths, but with a greater understanding of how ecosystems depend on fluid interactions between species, perhaps future humans—like us—will learn to give the rest of the planet’s denizens adequate room to roam.  \n  \n*Top image: A carving of a lion at the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut. Lions became extinct in Egypt 3,000-5,000 years ago.   \n  \nCredit: RÈmih, Wikipedia*  \n  \n","image":{"publicURL":"/static/0c714d3e282239dd8b2e1d741e486306/8d8f1b505246065f44fdbc99b2ad244c.jpg"},"authors":[{"id":"6030b07d7782326a48b0583b","name":"Vanessa Carels"}],"designers":[],"categories":[{"id":"6030b07d7782326a48b058c4","title":"Archive"}],"magazine":{"id":"6030b07d7782326a48b058d1","title":"Spring 2016","issue":30}},"recent":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"Article_6938eb7ba1914505ee622e1d","title":"From Karlsruhe to California","authors":[{"id":"6938eaf8a1914505ee622e1b","name":"Tom Althaus"}],"categories":[{"id":"6030b07d7782326a48b058c3","title":"The Scientist Life"}],"image":{"publicURL":"/static/b5f70d5b1953e0ccf43dd094a6eda009/b5aca3e4328dc84e914c6ff93f96e63d.png"},"published_at":"2025-12-10T03:39:42.426Z"}},{"node":{"id":"Article_6930dbcfa1914505ee622e16","title":"Investigation without exploitation","authors":[{"id":"645880721e0c2a0a6f3373ae","name":"Elizabeth 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